Amateka yimashini yo gukuramo plastike

Gukuramo plastike ni uburyo bwo gukora cyane murwego rwo gukora plastiki mbisi gushonga kandi bigakorwa muburyo bukomeza. Extrusion itanga ibintu nka pipe / tubing, guhindagura ikirere, kuzitira, gariyamoshi, kumadirishya yidirishya, firime ya pulasitike no kumpapuro, gutwika amashyuza, hamwe no kubika insinga.
Iyi nzira itangirana no kugaburira ibikoresho bya pulasitike (pellet, granules, flake cyangwa ifu) biva muri hopper bikagera kuri barri ya extruder. Ibikoresho bigenda bishonga buhoro buhoro nimbaraga za mashini zitangwa no guhinduranya imigozi hamwe nubushyuhe butondekanye kuri barriel. Polimeri yashongeshejwe noneho ihatirwa gupfa, ikora polymer muburyo bukomeye mugihe cyo gukonja.

AMATEKA

Gukuramo imiyoboro
Ibibanziriza mbere ya extruder igezweho byakozwe mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 19. Mu 1820, Thomas Hancock yahimbye reberi “masticator” yagenewe kugarura ibisigazwa byatunganijwe, maze mu 1836 Edwin Chaffee akora imashini ifite ibiziga bibiri byo kuvanga inyongeramusaruro. Isohoka rya mbere rya termoplastique ryabaye mu 1935 na Paul Troester n'umugore we Ashley Gershoff i Hamburg, mu Budage. Nyuma yigihe gito, Roberto Colombo wo muri LMP yateje imbere impanga za mbere zo mu Butaliyani.

UBURYO
Mugukuramo plastiki, ibikoresho bibisi bisanzwe mubisanzwe muburyo bwa nurdles (amasaro mato, bakunze kwita resin) aribwo rukuruzi igaburirwa kuva kumutwe hejuru washyizwe hejuru muri barri ya extruder. Inyongeramusaruro nkamabara hamwe na UV inhibitor (muburyo bwamazi cyangwa pellet) zikoreshwa kandi zirashobora kuvangwa mubisumizi mbere yo kugera kuri hopper. Inzira ifite byinshi ihuriyeho no guterwa inshinge za pulasitike uhereye ku buhanga bwa extruder, nubwo bitandukanye kuko mubisanzwe ari inzira ikomeza. Mugihe pultrusion ishobora gutanga imyirondoro myinshi isa muburebure burambye, mubisanzwe hiyongereyeho imbaraga, ibi bigerwaho mugukuramo ibicuruzwa byarangiye mu rupfu aho gukuramo polymer yashonga binyuze mu rupfu.

Ibikoresho byinjira mu muhogo wo kugaburira (gufungura hafi yinyuma ya barriel) hanyuma bigahura na screw. Imashini izunguruka (mubisanzwe ihindukira kuri eg 120 rpm) ihatira amasaro ya plastike imbere muri barri ishyushye. Ubushyuhe bwifuzwa bwifuzwa ntibusanzwe bingana nubushyuhe bwashyizweho bwa barrile kubera gushyuha kwinshi nizindi ngaruka. Mubikorwa byinshi, umwirondoro wo gushyushya washyizweho kuri barrile aho bitatu cyangwa byinshi byigenga bigenzurwa na PID bigenzurwa nubushyuhe buhoro buhoro byongera ubushyuhe bwa barriel kuva inyuma (aho plastiki yinjira) kugera imbere. Ibi bituma amasaro ya plastike ashonga buhoro buhoro kuko asunitswe muri barriel kandi bikagabanya ibyago byo gushyuha bishobora gutera kwangirika muri polymer.

Ubushyuhe bwiyongereye butangwa numuvuduko mwinshi hamwe no guterana bibera imbere muri barriel. Mubyukuri, niba umurongo wa extrusion ukoresha ibikoresho bimwe byihuse, ubushyuhe burashobora gufungwa hamwe nubushyuhe bwo gushonga bikomezwa numuvuduko no guterana byonyine imbere muri barriel. Muri extruders nyinshi, abafana bakonje barahari kugirango ubushyuhe bugabanuke munsi yagenwe niba ubushyuhe bwinshi butangwa. Niba gukonjesha ikirere ku gahato bigaragaye ko bidahagije noneho amakoti yo gukonjesha akoreshwa.

Amashanyarazi ya plastike yaciwemo kabiri kugirango yerekane ibice
Imbere ya barriel, plastiki yashongeshejwe isiga umugozi hanyuma ikanyura mumapaki ya ecran kugirango ikureho umwanda wose ushonga. Ibyerekanwa bishimangirwa nisahani yamenetse (icyuma kibyibushye gifite umwobo mwinshi wacukuwemo) kubera ko umuvuduko wiki gihe ushobora kurenga psi 5000 (34 MPa). Ipaki ya ecran / yameneka isahani nayo ikora kugirango itere umuvuduko winyuma muri barriel. Umuvuduko winyuma urakenewe kugirango ushongeshe hamwe no kuvanga neza polymer, nuburyo umuvuduko mwinshi ushobora "guhindurwa" ukoresheje ibice bitandukanye bya ecran ya ecran (umubare wa ecran, ubunini bwinsinga zabo, nibindi bipimo). Iyi plaque yameneka hamwe na ecran ya pack ikomatanya nayo ikuraho "rotation memory" ya plastike yashongeshejwe hanyuma igakora aho, "kwibuka birebire".
Nyuma yo kunyura muri plaque yamashanyarazi yamashanyarazi yinjiye mu rupfu. Gupfa nibyo biha ibicuruzwa byanyuma umwirondoro wacyo kandi bigomba kuba byarakozwe kugirango plastiki ishongeshejwe neza iturutse kumurongo wa silindrike, kugeza kumiterere yibicuruzwa. Kugenda kutaringaniye muriki cyiciro birashobora kubyara ibicuruzwa bifite impungenge zidakenewe mugihe runaka mumwirondoro bishobora gutera kurwara. Ubwoko butandukanye bwimiterere burashobora gushirwaho, bugarukira kumyirondoro ikomeza.

Ibicuruzwa bigomba noneho gukonjeshwa kandi mubisanzwe bigerwaho mugukuramo ibicuruzwa biva mu bwogero bwamazi. Plastike ninziza nziza yumuriro kandi biragoye gukonja vuba. Ugereranije nicyuma, plastike itwara ubushyuhe bwayo inshuro 2000 buhoro buhoro. Mu murongo wo kuvoma umuyoboro cyangwa umuyoboro, ubwogero bwamazi bufunze bukorwa nu cyuho cyagenzuwe neza kugirango umuyoboro mushya cyangwa umuyoboro mushya ushonga. Kubicuruzwa nkibipapuro bya pulasitike, gukonjesha kugerwaho mugukuramo ibice byo gukonjesha. Kuri firime no gutondeka cyane, gukonjesha ikirere birashobora kuba ingirakamaro nkintangiriro yo gukonjesha, nko muri firime ya firime.
Ibikoresho bya plastiki nabyo bikoreshwa cyane mugusubiramo imyanda ya plastiki itunganijwe cyangwa ibindi bikoresho bibisi nyuma yo koza, gutondeka no / cyangwa kuvanga. Ibi bikoresho bikunze gusohora mumashusho akwiranye no gukata mumasaro cyangwa pellet kugirango akoreshe nkibibanziriza gutunganywa.

KUBONA AMASOKO
Hano hari zone eshanu zishoboka muri trmoplastique. Kubera ko ijambo ridakoreshwa mu nganda, amazina atandukanye ashobora kwerekeza kuri utwo turere. Ubwoko butandukanye bwa polymer buzaba bufite ibishushanyo mbonera bitandukanye, bimwe ntibishyizemo zone zose zishoboka.

Amashanyarazi yoroshye yo gukuramo amashanyarazi

Extruder screw Kuva Boston Matayo
Imiyoboro myinshi ifite uturere dutatu:
Zone Kugaburira akarere (nanone bita solide itanga zone): iyi zone igaburira ibisigazwa muri extruder, kandi ubujyakuzimu bwumurongo ni bumwe muri zone.
Zone Gushonga (nanone bita inzibacyuho cyangwa compression zone): ibyinshi muri polymer byashongeshejwe muriki gice, kandi ubujyakuzimu bwumuyoboro bugenda buto.
Zone Ibipimo byo gupima (nanone byitwa gushonga kwa zone): iyi zone ishonga ibice byanyuma hanyuma ikavanga n'ubushyuhe bumwe hamwe nibigize. Kimwe na zone yo kugaburira, ubujyakuzimu bwumuyoboro burahoraho muri iyi zone.
Mubyongeyeho, umugozi uhindagurika (ibyiciro bibiri) ufite:
Zone Agace kegeranye. Muri iyi zone, hafi bibiri bya gatatu munsi yumugozi, umuyoboro ugera kure cyane, bigabanya umuvuduko kandi bigatuma imyuka yose yafashwe (ubushuhe, umwuka, imishwarara, cyangwa reaction) ikururwa na vacuum.
Zone Igice cya kabiri cyo gupima. Iyi zone isa na metero yambere yo gupima, ariko hamwe nubujyakuzimu bunini. Ikora kugirango ihagarike gushonga kugirango inyuze mu kurwanya ecran no gupfa.
Akenshi uburebure bwa screw bwerekanwa kuri diameter yacyo nka L: D. Kurugero, umugozi wa santimetero 6 (150 mm) ya diametre kuri 24: 1 uzaba ufite uburebure bwa santimetero 144, na 32: 1 ni uburebure bwa santimetero 16. Ikigereranyo cya L: D cya 25: 1 kirasanzwe, ariko imashini zimwe zizamuka zigera kuri 40: 1 kugirango zivange cyane nibisohoka byinshi kuri diameter imwe. Ibyiciro bibiri (byahinduwe) mubisanzwe ni 36: 1 kugirango ubare zone ebyiri ziyongera.
Buri karere gafite ibikoresho byinshi cyangwa byinshi bya termocouples cyangwa RTDs kurukuta rwa barriel kugirango igenzure ubushyuhe. "Ubushyuhe bwubushyuhe" ni ukuvuga, ubushyuhe bwa buri karere ni ingenzi cyane kumiterere nibiranga extrudate ya nyuma.

UBURYO BWO GUSOHORA

Umuyoboro wa HDPE mugihe cyo gukuramo. Ibikoresho bya HDPE biva mubushuhe, mu rupfu, hanyuma mukigega gikonjesha. Umuyoboro wa Acu-Power umuyoboro ufatanije - umukara imbere hamwe n'ikoti ryoroshye rya orange, kugirango ugaragaze insinga z'amashanyarazi.
Ibikoresho bya pulasitiki bisanzwe bikoreshwa mugusohora birimo ariko ntibigarukira gusa: polyethylene (PE), polypropilene, acetal, acrylic, nylon (polyamide), polystirene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) na polyakarubone. ]

Gupfa
Hariho impfu zitandukanye zikoreshwa mugukuramo plastike. Mugihe hashobora kubaho itandukaniro rinini hagati yubwoko bwurupfu nuburemere, impfu zose zituma habaho gusohora kwa polymer gushonga, bitandukanye no gutunganya bidasubirwaho nko guterwa inshinge.
Gukuramo firime

Hisha gusohora firime ya plastike

Gukora firime ya plastike kubicuruzwa nkimifuka yo guhaha hamwe nimpapuro zihoraho bigerwaho hifashishijwe umurongo wa firime.
Iyi nzira ni kimwe nuburyo busanzwe bwo gusohora kugeza gupfa. Hariho ubwoko butatu bwingenzi bwimfu zikoreshwa muriki gikorwa: burimwaka (cyangwa crosshead), igitagangurirwa, na spiral. Umwaka upfa niwo woroshye cyane, kandi wishingikiriza kuri polymer yashonga unyuze hafi yumusaraba wose wurupfu mbere yo kuva mu rupfu; ibi birashobora kuvamo urujya n'uruza. Igitagangurirwa gipfa kigizwe na mandrale yo hagati ifatanye nimpeta yo hanze ikoresheje “amaguru”; mugihe imigendekere iringaniye kuruta iyipfa kwumwaka, hategurwa imirongo myinshi yo gusudira igabanya firime. Spiral ipfa gukuraho ikibazo cyimirongo yo gusudira no gutembera kwa asimmetrike, ariko kugeza ubu biragoye cyane.

Gushonga bikonjeshwa mbere yo kuva mu rupfu kugirango bitange umuyoboro udakomeye. Umuyoboro wa diametre wagutse byihuse ukoresheje umuvuduko wumwuka, kandi umuyoboro ushushanywa hejuru hamwe nizunguruka, urambura plastike muburyo bwambukiranya no gushushanya icyerekezo. Igishushanyo no kuvuza bituma firime iba yoroheje kuruta umuyoboro usohotse, kandi ikanagereranya guhuza iminyururu ya polymer ya molekile mucyerekezo kibona plastike nyinshi. Niba firime yashushanijwe kurenza uko yaturutswe (diameter ya tube ya nyuma yegeranye na diameter yakuweho) molekile ya polymer izahuzwa cyane nicyerekezo cyo gushushanya, ikore firime ikomeye muricyo cyerekezo, ariko ifite intege nke muburyo bwo kunyuranya. . Filime ifite diameter nini cyane kurenza diameter yakuweho izaba ifite imbaraga nyinshi muburyo bwo guhinduranya, ariko bike mubyerekezo byo gushushanya.
Kubijyanye na polyethylene hamwe na polymers ya kimwe cya kabiri cya kirisiti, nkuko firime ikonjesha irabika ahantu hazwi nkumurongo wubukonje. Mugihe firime ikomeje gukonja, irashushanywa mubice byinshi bya nip rollles kugirango ibe igororotse mu tubari turinganiye, ishobora noneho guhindagurika cyangwa gucamo ibice bibiri cyangwa byinshi byo kumpapuro.

Urupapuro / gukuramo firime
Urupapuro / gukuramo firime bikoreshwa mugukuramo impapuro za plastiki cyangwa firime zifite umubyimba mwinshi kuburyo utaboneka. Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwimfu zikoreshwa: T-shusho na kote yimanitse. Intego yibi bipfa ni uguhindura no kuyobora imigendekere ya polymer yashonga kuva kumurongo umwe uva muri extruder ukageza kumurongo muto, uringaniye. Muri ubwo bwoko bwombi bwipfa kwemeza guhora, gutembera kumurongo wose wurupfu. Gukonjesha mubisanzwe nukureshya mugice cyo gukonjesha (kalendari cyangwa “gukonjesha”). Mu gusohora impapuro, iyi mizingo ntabwo itanga ubukonje bukenewe gusa ahubwo inagaragaza uburebure bwurupapuro hamwe nuburyo bwo hejuru. Akenshi gufatanya gukoreshwa gukoreshwa mugukoresha igice kimwe cyangwa byinshi hejuru yibikoresho fatizo kugirango ubone ibintu byihariye nka UV-kwinjiza, imiterere, kurwanya ogisijeni, cyangwa kwerekana ingufu.
Uburyo busanzwe nyuma yo gusohora kububiko bwurupapuro rwa plastike ni thermoforming, aho urupapuro rushyuha kugeza rworoshye (plastike), hanyuma rugakorwa binyuze mubibumbano muburyo bushya. Iyo vacuum ikoreshejwe, ibi bikunze gusobanurwa nko gukora vacuum. Icyerekezo (ni ukuvuga ubushobozi / ubucucike buboneka bwurupapuro kugirango ushushanye ku gishushanyo gishobora gutandukana mubwimbike kuva kuri santimetero 1 kugeza kuri 36 mubisanzwe) ni ingenzi cyane kandi bigira ingaruka cyane muburyo bwo kuzenguruka kuri plastiki nyinshi.

Kubyimba
Imiyoboro ikabije, nk'imiyoboro ya PVC, ikorwa hifashishijwe impfu zisa cyane nkuko zikoreshwa mugusohora firime. Umuvuduko mwiza urashobora gukoreshwa mumyanya y'imbere unyuze kuri pin, cyangwa umuvuduko mubi urashobora gukoreshwa kumurambararo wo hanze ukoresheje ubunini bwa vacuum kugirango umenye neza ibipimo byanyuma. Ibindi byongeweho cyangwa umwobo birashobora gutangizwa wongeyeho mandel yimbere ikwiye gupfa.

Umurongo wo Kwivuza kwa Boston Matayo
Porogaramu nyinshi zo guteramo porogaramu nazo zirahari muruganda rukora amamodoka, inganda zikoresha amashanyarazi hamwe ninganda zipakira.

Kurenza ikoti
Kurenza jacketing extrait itanga uburyo bwo gukoresha igipande cyinyuma cya plastiki kumurongo cyangwa umugozi uriho. Nuburyo busanzwe bwo kubika insinga.
Hariho ubwoko bubiri butandukanye bwo gupfa bukoreshwa mugutwikira hejuru y'insinga, tubing (cyangwa jacketing) hamwe nigitutu. Mu bikoresho bya jacketing, polymer yashonga ntikora ku nsinga y'imbere kugeza ako kanya mbere yiminwa ipfa. Mugukoresha ibikoresho, gushonga bihuza insinga y'imbere mbere yuko igera kumunwa upfa; ibi bikorwa kumuvuduko mwinshi kugirango wizere neza ko ushonga. Niba guhuza byimazeyo cyangwa gufatana bisabwa hagati yurwego rushya ninsinga zihari, ibikoresho byingutu birakoreshwa. Niba adhesion idakenewe / bikenewe, ibikoresho bya jacketing bikoreshwa aho.

Guhuza
Coextrusion nugukuramo ibice byinshi byibikoresho icyarimwe. Ubu bwoko bwa extrusion bukoresha ibyuma bibiri cyangwa byinshi kugirango bishonge kandi bitange umusaruro uhoraho wa plastike itandukanye ya plastike itandukanye kumutwe umwe (gupfa) uzajya usohora ibikoresho muburyo bwifuzwa. Iri koranabuhanga rikoreshwa muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwasobanuwe haruguru (firime ya firime, gukabya hejuru, tubing, urupapuro). Ubunini bwa layer bugenzurwa numuvuduko ugereranije nubunini bwa buri musemburo utanga ibikoresho.

5: 5 Igice cyo gufatanya kwisiga "kanda"
Mubintu byinshi byukuri-byukuri, polymer imwe ntishobora kuzuza ibisabwa byose bya porogaramu. Gukuramo ibibyimbye bituma ibintu bivanze bivanwa hanze, ariko coextrusion igumana ibikoresho bitandukanye nkibice bitandukanye mubicuruzwa byakuwe hanze, bigatuma hashyirwaho ibikoresho bikwiye bifite imiterere itandukanye nka ogisijeni, imbaraga, gukomera, no kwihanganira kwambara.
Kwiyongera
Ipitingi ya Extrusion ni ugukoresha uburyo bwa firime yatunganijwe cyangwa ikozwe kugirango yambike urundi rwego hejuru yimpapuro zisanzwe, impapuro cyangwa firime. Kurugero, iyi nzira irashobora gukoreshwa mugutezimbere ibiranga impapuro uyisize polyethylene kugirango irusheho kurwanya amazi. Igice cyakuweho gishobora kandi gukoreshwa nkigikoresho cyo guhuza ibindi bikoresho bibiri hamwe. Tetrapak nurugero rwubucuruzi muriki gikorwa.

KUGARAGAZA
Guteranya gusohora ni inzira ivanga polymers imwe cyangwa nyinshi hamwe ninyongeramusaruro zo gutanga ibice bya plastiki. Ibiryo birashobora kuba pellet, ifu na / cyangwa amazi, ariko ibicuruzwa mubisanzwe muburyo bwa pellet, kugirango bikoreshwe mubindi bikorwa byo gukora plastike nko gukuramo no guterwa inshinge. Nka hamwe na gakondo yo gusohora, hariho intera nini mubunini bwimashini bitewe na progaramu hamwe nibisabwa byinjira. Mugihe kimwe kimwe cyangwa bibiri-bisohora ibyuma bishobora gukoreshwa mugusohora gakondo, gukenera kuvangwa bihagije muguhuza ibimera bituma impanga zombi zisohoka zose ariko ni itegeko.

UBWOKO BWA EXTRUDER
Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwubwoko bwimpanga: gufatanya no guhinduranya. Iri zina ryerekeza ku cyerekezo ugereranije buri cyuma kizunguruka ugereranije n'ikindi. Muburyo bwo guhinduranya, imigozi yombi izunguruka haba ku isaha cyangwa kuruhande rw'isaha; muri anti-rotation, umugozi umwe uzunguruka ku isaha mugihe undi azenguruka isaha. Byerekanwe ko, kubice byatanzwe byambukiranya igice hamwe nurwego rwo guhuzagurika (intermeshing), umuvuduko wa axial hamwe nurwego rwo kuvanga ni murwego rwo gufatanya guhinduranya impanga. Ariko, igitutu cyiyongera kiri murwego rwo kurwanya-kuzenguruka. Igishushanyo cya screw gisanzwe muburyo bwa moderi muburyo butandukanye bwo gutanga no kuvanga ibintu byateganijwe kumutwe kugirango byemererwe guhinduka byihuse kugirango ibintu bihindurwe cyangwa gusimbuza ibice bimwe bitewe no kwambara cyangwa kwangirika. Ingano yimashini iri hagati ya mm 12 na mm 380mm

INYUNGU
Inyungu nini yo gukuramo ni uko imyirondoro nkimiyoboro ishobora gukorwa muburebure ubwo aribwo bwose. Niba ibikoresho byoroshye guhinduka, imiyoboro irashobora gukorwa muburebure ndetse no gutondeka kuri reel. Iyindi nyungu ni ugukuramo imiyoboro hamwe na coupler ihuriweho harimo kashe ya rubber.